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A grandparent DNA test delves into your heritage, offering scientific insights into your biological connections. By examining unique DNA markers inherited through generations, these tests reveal the strength of the grandparent-grandchild relationship. Whether seeking clarity for personal reasons or needing legal validation, grandparent DNA tests provide an accurate and reliable solution for uncovering familial bonds. Keep reading to understand your genetic inheritance clearly and gain insights into the strength of your ancestral connection with your grandparents.
Grandparent DNA tests are a scientific method for establishing biological relationships between grandparents and grandchildren.
They do this by analyzing specific sections of DNA, known as markers, that are inherited and passed down through generations.
Similar to genetic fingerprints, these markers can be compared to reveal if there is a match, indicating a biological link.
According to the established principles of Mendelian inheritance, an individual inherits approximately 25% of their DNA from each grandparent.
Parents contribute 50% of their genetic material to their offspring during reproduction. Therefore, your parents inherit 50% of their DNA from each grandparent.
Subsequently, they pass down another 50% of their DNA to you. This results in an average inheritance of 25% of your genetic makeup from each grandparent.
This pattern continues across generations, with you transmitting roughly 25% of your DNA to your children, who in turn will pass on a similar proportion to their offspring.
This predictable inheritance pattern ensures a relatively consistent distribution of ancestral DNA across generations.
Grandparent DNA tests are generally very accurate, often providing definite results in many cases. However, there is a small possibility of obtaining an unclear result.
This can happen for a few reasons:
The chance of unclear results depends on who participates. If more relatives, like the child of the grandparent being tested, are involved, the test can be more precise.
For the most accurate DNA info, talk to a genetic counselor. They can give you current or up-to-date details and advice on testing.
The grandparent DNA test is performed using a test kit.
This DNA testing kit has easy-to-use mouth swabs that help collect a DNA sample from the individual.
The swab sample contains cells with the complete genetic information of the grandparent in the form of DNA.
Once the sample arrives at the laboratory, a polymerase chain reaction is performed to extract the DNA from the cells. This test amplifies the region of the cells that reveal DNA patterns.
This DNA pattern from the grandparents is then compared with that of the grandchild.
Based on this comparison, a statistical analysis is generated based on the match type. This is true for biologically related grandparent and grandchild pairs.
The analysis also gives a grandparentage index.
A legal grandparent DNA test is done for similar reasons as a legal paternity test, such as:
The DNA must be obtained from both grandparents on the biological father’s side. However, if one is unavailable, a single grandparent's DNA is acceptable.
These tests typically use buccal swabs for sample collection.
These swabs are simply cotton swabs gently rubbed on the inner cheek to collect cells.
Sometimes, you may also need to provide a blood sample.
A neutral, impartial third party usually collects the samples for a legal grandparent DNA test at a medical office, hospital, or health clinic.
The time taken to obtain the results of the grandparent DNA test depends upon the laboratory performing the test.
However, at the earliest, you can get your results in around three to five business days.
Upon order confirmation and payment receipt, a representative will arrange sample collection at a designated testing center within a vast network.
Due to the strictly maintained chain of custody, these results are legally permissible.
A grandparent DNA test is available as an at-home option.
The private at-home test kit is an option for those who wish to know if the grandparent and grandchild are biologically related before proceeding to the next step.
This test provides the same results as the legal grandparent DNA test. However, the results of this test cannot be produced for legal reasons.
At-home tests can be done with buccal swabs or saliva samples.
Once the sample is collected, you'll be required to send it back to your provider for testing.
At-home sample collection is easy and takes a few minutes. The results can take a few days to a few weeks.
Similar to legal tests, sample collection and analysis occur.
However, the results are invalid for court proceedings due to the absence of a controlled chain of custody.
Nonetheless, both legal and at-home tests tend to reveal the same genetic information.
| Legal Grandparent Test | At-home Grandparent Test | |
| Purpose | To establish biological relationships between grandparents and grandchildren | To establish biological relationship between grandparents and grandchildren |
| Legal admissibility | Admissible | Not admissible |
| Sample collection | Buccal swab or blood sample | Buccal swab or saliva sample |
| Turn-around time | Typically 3-5 days | A few days to a few weeks |
Grandchildren do not inherit DNA equally from all four grandparents.
A child’s DNA is usually shuffled between parents and grandparents by a process called recombination.
23andMe offers a new tool called the GrandTree that allows families to connect across three generations.
This tool connects grandparents and grandchildren.
23andMe’s GrandTree tool also offers a deeper insight into other relations like siblings, parents, and children.
You can now see what traits and ancestry you share with your blood relatives.
Families using 23andMe’s GrandTree tool can connect differently, bridging the gap in each generation.
Nearly 20% of adults over the age of 60 are vitamin B12 deficient. Vitamin B12 is synonymous with energy, focus, and overall well-being. While a healthy body relies on sufficient vitamin B12, food sources may be inadequate to meet the required amount. The most common treatment option for vitamin B12 deficiency is supplements. If accompanied by anemia, then injections. But did you know this essential nutrient primarily comes in two forms: methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin? Although both effectively treat B12 deficiencies, their origins and properties differ markedly. This article looks at the specific attributes of methylcobalamin vs cyanocobalamin. We aim to help you understand methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin by detailing their structures, absorption, benefits, and safety.
Methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin are two widely used forms of vitamin B12, each with unique characteristics.
The former is a natural form of B12 and is directly active in the human body, whereas the latter is a synthetic form that the body can convert into active B12.
Despite structural differences, both forms effectively treat vitamin B12 deficiencies.
Concerns about the cyanide content in cyanocobalamin are unfounded, as the amount is minimal and considered safe by scientists.
Both forms share similar recommended intake levels and health benefits, although some researchers favor cyanocobalamin due to its stability and lower cost.
Both cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin share a core structure:
The key difference lies in the molecule attached to the cobalt ion:
Both methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin combat vitamin B12 deficiencies and offer additional health benefits:
Deficiency correction:
Neurological support:
Beyond addressing deficiencies, both methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin offer promising support for nerve health.
Expert-recommended Read: Can Vitamin D And B12 Deficiency Occur Together?
Choosing the right B12 supplement depends on your needs. Here's a quick comparison of methylcobalamin (the natural form) and cyanocobalamin (the synthetic option):
Methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin differ in their absorption and retention in the body. Research suggests varying levels of absorption between the two forms:
Overall, evidence suggests differences in absorption and retention between methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin.
However, further research can help fully understand these dynamics, especially in diverse populations and under varying health conditions.
Research on people on a vegan diet has shown that cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin are both helpful in addressing vitamin B12 deficiency.
According to the study, cyanocobalamin was more effective in maintaining healthy levels of serum vitamin B12 (called holotranscobalamin) than methylcobalamin.
There isn't a single "best" form of vitamin B12 for everyone. The two most common forms are cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin.
Choosing the proper form depends on factors like:
Regarding safety, there's no clear winner between cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin, the two most common forms of B12 supplements. Both are considered very safe for most people at recommended doses.
Cyanocobalamin contains a small amount of cyanide, but it is not considered to be harmful. Our body easily converts it into harmless compounds. Similarly, methylcobalamin hasn't shown any safety concerns at recommended intake levels.
Here are the two things that may be necessary for optimal safety:
Additionally, if you have any pre-existing health conditions, talk to your doctor before starting B12 supplements.
| Feature | Methylcobalamin | Cyanocobalamin |
| Type | Natural form, active in the body | Synthetic form, converted to active B12 |
| Source | Found in animal-based foods (meat, fish, eggs, dairy) | Synthetically produced, not naturally occurring |
| Cost | Generally more expensive | More stable and cost-effective |
| Absorption Rate | Approximately 44% of a 1-mcg dose absorbed | Approximately 49% of a 1-mcg dose absorbed |
| Retention | Better retained in the body | Higher excretion in urine, suggesting lower retention |
| Health Benefits | Effective for deficiency correction, neurological support, potential ALS treatment | Effective for deficiency correction, neurological support |
| Safety | Safe and naturally occurring | Contains minimal, safe levels of cyanide |
| Recommended For | People with absorption issues or specific medical conditions | Vegans and those seeking affordable options |
Vitamin B12 supplements are a good idea for people who struggle to get enough B12 from their diet. Here are some groups that might benefit:
Studies exploring daily methylcobalamin use in diabetic patients show promise. This natural form of B12 appears safe and may improve nerve pain (diabetic neuropathy) and heart health at doses of 500 mcg three times a day or 1,500 mcg daily.
The optimal B12 supplement (methylcobalamin or cyanocobalamin) depends on individual factors.
Absorption issues or certain medical conditions might favor methylcobalamin, the natural form.
Conversely, cyanocobalamin, the synthetic option, may be suitable for maintaining B12 levels in those with dietary restrictions.
Selecting the most appropriate form and dosage for individual needs requires considering overall health and dietary habits and consulting a healthcare professional.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/methylcobalamin-vs-cyanocobalamin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8311243
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cyanocobalamin
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-b12-foods
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130103
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/b12-and-crohns
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257642
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22377-pernicious-anemia
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/methylcobalamin
Empathy is the ability of an individual to identify the intentions, feelings, thoughts, and desires of another individual and respond to them. Hence, it is considered to be vital for prosocial behavior and social cognition.
Recent research has reported how certain genetic variants contribute to our ability to empathize, suggesting that empathy is not solely a product of upbringing or social environment, but also has a heritable component.
This exploration raises important questions about how our genetic predispositions shape our emotional responses and interpersonal relationships, paving the way for deeper insights into the nature of empathy itself.
A large study was conducted by researchers from The University of Cambridge with considerable support from 23andMe researchers. Around 46,000 23andMe customers who consented to the study, completed an online survey which was used to evaluate their Empathy Quotient (EQ).
Here are five key findings from the study about empathy genes and their impact on health and well-being:
You may have always felt this, innately identifying a family that may seem more empathetic.
Now, a scientific study could back you up.
This study identified certain genetic variants that could contribute to empathy.
While the study did not identify all the genes associated with empathy, the identified variants were found to contribute to 11% variability.
Before this study, empathy was considered to be a factor that was learned or taught by the social situation that a child grew up in.
Instead, this study showed that there was a genetic factor associated with empathy.
So, how will finding out about your empathy genes help? Read on to find out.
Among the 46,861 23andme participants who were included in the study, 24,543 were females, while 22,318 were males.
When male and female samples were analyzed separately, females were found to have higher EQ than males.
However, a sex-stratified analysis did not provide a genetic association, indicating that non-genetic factors played a role in this difference.
This study showed that a low EQ score was associated with an increased risk of autism.
Multiple studies support this and have shown that when self-reported empathy was low, there was an increased risk of autism (Baron-Cohen et al., 2004 and 2014).
This could be due to a struggle to identify the thoughts and feelings of other individuals rather than problems in responding.
The sex-specific analysis showed that there was a significant genetic association between EQ and autism among men, than among women.
The study found a significant genetic association between EQ and schizophrenia.
Previous scientific studies have also shown that a reduction in cognitive empathy but healthy or stronger affective empathy was associated with schizophrenia.
The study results suggest that genetic variants that were associated with self-reported empathy had a moderately increased risk of schizophrenia.
This 23andme study also showed that genetic variants for self-reported empathy were associated with a slight increase in the risk for anorexia nervosa.
An earlier study (Warrier et al., 2017) also showed a genetic association between cognitive empathy and anorexia nervosa.
Further, the current study showed that there was a significant genetic association between EQ in females and anorexia.
In <24 hours, you'll have the report(s) delivered to your email inbox!
Xcode Life's Traits and Personality Report is about self-empowerment through self-awareness.
For example, people with a higher genetic score for angry temperament can take measures to actively prevent angry outbursts, once they understand that this tendency is innate.
Most people are usually aware of their innate instincts.
However, a personality genetic report can reveal several such aspects that people are generally unaware.
Xcode Life's Trait and Personality Report provides information on extraversionness, intelligence, entrepreneurship potential, and more than 25 such traits. You can find out more about it here.
MTHFR stands for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, the infamous enzyme whose incorrect shape can put you at risk for a long list of conditions.
MTHFR is a very important enzyme that converts folate into a more usable form called methylfolate in each cell of the body. Methylfolate is responsible for the production of two important compounds.
First is a class of biochemicals called neurotransmitters. They are a class of chemicals that help you think, emote, and perform all sorts of physical activities.
Non-functional MTHFR enzyme that results from single nucleotide changes in your DNA will lead to low levels of neurotransmitters that, in turn, have consequences like insomnia, anxiety, depression, and ADHD, among others.
The second important compound that methylfolate helps to make is called S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe).
SAMe helps to regulate more than 200 enzymes in the body.
Without SAMe, your body is predisposed to conditions like infertility, thrombosis, miscarriage, autism, and certain forms of cancer.
An MTHFR genetic test does not require a medical recommendation.
You can simply download your raw DNA data and upload it to a third-party service provider to get your results.
Genetic reports are generated after the analysis of different polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene.
These polymorphisms tell you which variants you carry and if you are homozygous or heterozygous for those variations.
Now that you know the importance of being aware of your MTHFR polymorphisms, let’s compare two popular tools that provide you with your MTHFR status. These two third-party tools provide a comprehensive MTHFR status report from your raw data from companies like 23andme, AncestryDNA, Family Tree DNA (FTDNA), and others.
Genetic Genie test is a DNA raw data analysis from a 23andme ancestry test. The results are free.
The website interprets your DNA raw data for only your methylation and detox profile.
The detox profile looks at gene SNPs of the cytochrome P450 detox enzymes, amongst others.
It is important to look at this specific information because certain genetic polymorphisms have been shown to impair the detoxification of drugs, hormones, environmental toxins, xenobiotics, and more.
The results column indicates whether you have a favorable, unfavorable, or intermediate genotype.
Your result is not determined solely by any single entry but by the cumulative effect of all the genes and variations listed.
Image showing a section of the methylation report from Genetic Genie
To use Genetic Genie, you need to download your raw data file from the 23andMe website and upload it to the website.
Before you upload to the tool to test your MTHFR status, it is advisable to go through the website's privacy policy.
If you want to see a sample of how the test results look, you can download the dummy raw data file available on the website and upload it immediately.
According to the website, the DNA you upload for the free report is not stored anywhere. Further, the data is encrypted with an HTTPS connection.
So, there's little to no risk of DNA data misuse, making Genetic Genie a very safe platform.
However, it is recommended that you read their privacy policy in detail before using their services.
Xcode Life test results are expert-curated from several large and high scientific authority databases, including UK biobank, Clinvar, OMIM, SNPedia, and leading scientific journals, to name a few, to curate the variant annotations.
Once you upload your raw data to Xcode Life, you will get your test results within 24 hours. You can download your test results and take it to your next routine health test check-up.
Images showing snippets of the MTHFR and Methylation report from Xcode Life
Xcode’s MTHFR reports are easily readable, understandable, and implementable.
The core philosophy of Xcode reports is to empower the user with actionable genetic information that they can use to enhance health and well-being.
The report not only includes a number of genetic variants in the MTHFR, MTRR, MTHFD, and other genes but also detailed and practical recommendations on compensating for MTHFR deficiency.
| Xcode Life | Genetic Genie | |
| No. of variants analyzed | 64 | 21 |
| No. of genes analyzed | 15 | 9 |
| Results interpretation | Provided | Not provided |
| Bar graph result representation | Present | Not present |
| Recommendations | Included | Not included |
| Post-test one-on-one chat assistance | Available on request | Not available |
| Price | $30 | Free |
Do you struggle to stick to your diet plan because you always feel hungry and unsatisfied? This is one of the most common weight loss challenges. Cutting down on calories can make you feel hungry and increase cravings, thus doing more harm than good. But what if you could reduce your calorie intake while eating all you want? This is what volume eating is all about. Read on to find out the correct way to do volume eating and the top 12 low-calorie, high-volume foods that can satiate your hunger.
Volume eating is a diet where you eat large portions of nutritious foods like fruits, non-starchy vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
It is based on the Volumetrics diet created in 2000 by nutrition scientist Barbara Rolls.
One common struggle for most people trying to follow a diet plan is battling hunger.
Volume eating keeps you satiated and feeling full longer, thus preventing cravings and helping you stick to your weight loss plan.
Since volume eating promotes a nutrient-rich diet, it can also help keep you in shape.
If you are trying to lose weight, volume eating can help you manage calories without counting them.
Volume eating lets you eat a satisfying amount of food without consuming excess calories.
It also helps you obtain all the required nutrients from your diet, such as fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals.
When you feel full for longer and have a nutritious diet, you are less likely to give in to cravings and reach for junk food.
Thus, volume eating aids in weight loss by:
The key here is to include a variety of foods, not just those that are low in calories.
Oats can be a great addition to your daily diet. They are low in calories and high in fiber and protein and keep you feeling full for longer. Old-fashioned rolled oats showed better appetite control over four hours than ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.
Being high in protein, greek yogurt makes for a great addition to your diet. One cup of non-fat Greek yogurt provides 150 calories and 25 grams of protein. One study showed that women who snacked on Greek yogurt experienced much less hunger and felt satiated longer than those who snacked on crackers and chocolate.
Strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries are high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Berries also contain a dietary fiber called pectin, which slows stomach emptying and promotes feelings of fullness.
Eggs are rich in vital nutrients and low in calories. A large egg can provide 6 grams of protein, vitamins and minerals, and 72 calories. Consuming eggs can reduce the levels of ghrelin, the hormone responsible for hunger, in the body. Eating eggs for breakfast can help you feel full for longer.
Popcorn is a fiber-rich food that can stabilize blood sugar. It keeps you feeling full longer and is an excellent alternative to potato chips. Air-popped popcorn is the healthiest variant since other varieties might have added fat and sugar.
A 1-ounce serving of chia seeds has 4.7 grams of protein, 9.8 grams of fiber, and 138 calories. They have a unique soluble fiber that swells in your stomach and keeps you satiated longer. Incorporating them into your diet can help curb appetite.
Cottage cheese is rich in protein and can be incorporated into various meals. One cup of cottage cheese has 163 calories and 28 grams of protein.
With a reputation for being unhealthy and causing a spike in blood sugar, potatoes have been kept out of meals for a long time. But the reality is that they are rich in fiber and can keep you full for longer. One medium-sized potato contains 4 grams of protein and fiber and 161 calories.
Lean meats like chicken, turkey, and low-fat cuts of red meat are high in protein and low in calories.
Fish is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which keep your heart healthy. They are also rich in protein, low in calories, and reduce the body's ghrelin levels. A study showed that fish protein keeps you feeling full longer when compared to beef and chicken.
With 92% water content, watermelons are a great low-calorie food choice. They are also rich in fiber, promoting fullness. Additionally, watermelons are a great source of antioxidants and vitamin C.
Soup can be incredibly filling, depending on the brand or type of soup you are cooking. Opt for broth-based soups instead of creamy soups to cut down on calories and maximize fullness.
Here are some more high-volume foods that are low in calories and are best for weight loss:
Volume eating, when done incorrectly, can end up harming your body.
It is best to consult a nutritionist or doctor before starting any diet.
Here are some low-calorie, high-volume meal ideas:
A 500-calorie diet is an extreme form of a very low-calorie diet (VLCD).
It is meant for people who are suffering from extreme cases of obesity and have been unable to lose weight despite trying other diet plans.
A 500-calorie diet requires drastically reducing your calorie intake, which can be dangerous without supervision.
While it is best to try under medical supervision, here is a list of foods you can have to feel full even after eating just 500 calories every day:
Here are some snack ideas that are l low in calories and will help in weight loss:
Foods that are sources of protein and fiber fill you up without weight gain.
Whole grain rice and bread, fruits, vegetables, and lean meat are low in calories and keep you feeling full for longer.
Low-calorie, high-volume foods keep you feeling full for longer without increasing calorie intake.
Over time, eating a high-volume diet can help you lose weight without eating less.
Some high-volume foods include fruits, vegetables, legumes, wholegrain bread and rice, eggs, and lean meat.
When done with a focus on balanced nutrition, volume eating can reduce cravings and aid in weight loss.
However, when you include or exclude foods from your diet simply based on calories, it could lead to a deficicny of essential fats in the body.
An excess of fiber, typical for most foods that keep you full longer, can lead to digestive problems.
If you want to try volume eating, consult a nutritionist or your healthcare provider for optimum results.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054218
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00063-4/fulltext
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25266206
Need to log in to your Nebula Genomics account but can't figure out how? Our step-by-step guide will help you sign in to the website in three easy steps. Once you access your dashboard, you can explore the services that Nebula has to offer.
Accessing your Nebula Genomics login is simple. Follow these steps to get started:
3. Click submit, and you should be able to access the account
Don’t worry; resetting your Nebula Genomics login credentials is easy.
Click on the “Forgot Password” button.
From here, in 3 easy steps, you can reset your password and recover your Nebula Genomics account.
If you do not have an account with Nebula Genomics, you can create an account by clicking on the “Sign Up For Free” link.
Follow these steps to create a free account:
6. Nebula will send a verification email - click on the confirm button in the email.
7. Your account will be created, and you’ll be redirected to your account dashboard.
Nebula Genomics offers DNA testing services focusing on whole genome sequencing, which provides a detailed analysis of a person's genetic makeup.
They offer reports that cover ancestry, genetic traits, and health insights.
Here’s a breakdown of their key products and services:
1. Whole-genome sequencing: Nebula Genomics focuses on sequencing 100% of your DNA, providing in-depth insights.
2. Ancestry reports: Their reports give users information about their ancestry, including regional breakdowns and potential connections to ancient populations.
3. Health insights: Nebula offers reports that assess genetic predispositions to certain conditions, physical traits, and wellness suggestions.
Nebula Genomics’ pricing model typically includes:
They occasionally offer discounts, so pricing may vary.
Nebula Genomics offers ancestry analysis through its deep genetic ancestry service, which utilizes whole genome sequencing. However, it primarily collaborates with external programs like Eurogenes and YFull for detailed ancestry insights.
The cost of Nebula Genomics' whole genome sequencing (WGS) starts at $249 and goes up to $999. Additionally, a membership fee is required for accessing personalized reports and tools.
The company, founded by Harvard professor George Church, emphasizes privacy and data security, utilizing blockchain technology to anonymize genetic data. However, some users have reported inconsistencies in raw data analysis, so it's advisable to approach results cautiously and verify findings through additional research.
One Reddit user writes, "Nebula has given me answers to health issues that none of my doctors have been able to figure out."
On the other hand, several Trustpilot users have opened up about delays in receiving their orders, with one user writing, "One year later and never got my results. Nebula ... have not corrected this problem."
| Feature | Invitae | Nebula Genomics |
| Focus | Genetic testing for inherited conditions | Whole genome sequencing and health insights |
| Order process | Through a practitioner | Consumer can directly order |
| Ancestry analysis | Limited ancestry information | Collaborates with external services for ancestry |
| Pricing | $250 - $450 (insurance coverage available) | $249 - $999 |
| Data privacy | HIPPA compliance, consent, CLIA - CAP verified, de-identification of data | Blockchain and encryption, limited third party access |
Nebula Genomics is not free, but users can upload raw DNA data from other services at no cost. The primary offerings, including whole genome sequencing and access to detailed reports, require payment.
Sequencing with Nebula Genomics typically takes 4-8 weeks after sample submission. However, some users have reported longer wait times due to various factors, such as demand and processing capabilities. They usually provide regular updates on progress through their platform.
